Scientists from throughout the world have contributed to these achievements. The rise and decline of dissolution of cholesterol gallstones by the ingestion of 3,7-dihydroxy bile acids is chronicled. Bile acids are amphipathic, self-associate in solution, and form mixed micelles with polar lipids, phosphatidylcholine in bile, and fatty acids in intestinal content during triglyceride digestion. The enterohepatic circulation of bile acids results from vectorial transport of bile acids by the ileal enterocyte and hepatocyte the key transporters have been cloned. Bile acid measurement encompasses the techniques of GC, HPLC, and MS, as well as enzymatic, bioluminescent, and competitive binding methods. Patterns of bile acid hydroxylation and conjugation are summarized.
Today, C 24 and C 27 bile acids together with C 27 bile alcohols constitute most of the bile acid “family”. Bernal, a physicist, determined the X-ray structure of cholesterol crystals, and his data together with the vast chemical studies of Wieland and Windaus enabled the correct structure of the steroid nucleus to be deduced. We present here a brief history of the major achievements as we perceive them. During the last 80 years there have been extraordinary advances in our knowledge of the chemistry and biology of bile acids.
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